<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">afjournal</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Анализ и прогноз. Журнал ИМЭМО РАН</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Analysis &amp; Forecasting. Journal of IMEMO</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn pub-type="epub">2713-170X</issn>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">ИМЭМО РАН</publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20542/afij-2021-2-49-56</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Статьи</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="ru">Направления и формы реализации публичной дипломатии</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Fronts and Forms of Public Diplomacy</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff xml:lang="ru">
     <institution>АРТАМОНОВА Ульяна Звиадиевна, младший научный сотрудник сектора внешней и внутренней политики США Центра североамериканских исследований.
Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН, РФ, 117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23 ( artamonova.u@imemo.ru ), ORCID : 0000-0003-1825-9291</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff-1-en-1" xml:lang="en">
     <institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-1" corresp="yes">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-9291</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Артамонова</surname>
       <given-names>Ульяна Звиадиевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Artamonova</surname>
       <given-names>Uliana</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>Образование:
2016 г. – Университет политических и социальных наук «Пантеон», Факультет международных отношений, европейских исследований и регионоведения (Афины, Греция)
2018 г. – Московский государственный институт международных отношений МИД Российской Федерации, Факультет международных отношений
2018 г. – Институт политических исследований, Парижская школа международных отношений (Париж, Франция)
2023 г. – защита диссертации на соискание степени кандидата политических наук «Публичная дипломатия США как политическая технология» по специальности 5.5.2 (политические институты, процессы, технологии) в ИМЭМО РАН
Сфера научных интересов:

публичная дипломатия и мягкая сила США,
политические технологии влияния на общественное мнение и поведение в международных отношениях,
инструменты ведения информационной войны во внешнеполитическом арсенале США


Профиль автора в Publons (ResearcherID)</p>
     </bio>
     <email>artamonova.u@imemo.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"></xref>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1-en-1"></xref>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <pub-date pub-type="epub">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>49</fpage>
   <lpage>56</lpage>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© Артамонова У.З., 2021
Статья поступила в редакцию 26.06.2021.
Статья принята редакцией 09.07.2021.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© ARTAMONOVA Uliana Z., 2021
Received 26.06.2021.
Accepted 09.07.2021.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Артамонова У.З.</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Artamonova U.</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.afjournal.ru/2021/2/multa-paucis/fronts-and-forms-of-public-diplomacy">https://www.afjournal.ru/2021/2/multa-paucis/fronts-and-forms-of-public-diplomacy</self-uri>
   <abstract>
    <p>Публичная дипломатия с каждым годом становится все более актуальным направлением научных исследований. Однако в области теоретического осмысления этой темы по-прежнему остается много пробелов. Одни из самых существенных среди них – проблема концептуализации самого феномена публичной дипломатии и отсутствие консенсуса относительно классификации процессов ее реализации. Цель данной статьи – изучить и проанализировать опыт осмысления данной темы иностранными и отечественными учеными и выявить доминирующие подходы к ней, предложить варианты классификации процессов реализации публичной дипломатии, доступные для универсального применения исследователями, а также сделать вывод относительно того, какая классификация больше подходит для анализа современных тенденций публичной дипломатии.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Public diplomacy becomes a more and more popular area of research due to several global trends: growing interdependence of states and the rise of transnational actors that urge governments to seek ways beyond their military and economic power to achieve their political goals; technological progress that makes information more accessible to the public, enabling international communication, thus increasing the importance of a dominating narrative; the rise of a human-centric approach placing the emphasis on individual people, protection and promotion of their rights, thus making public opinion more crucial to policy-makers than ever.
However, there are still a lot of lacunae in the theoretical framework analyzing public diplomacy. Among them is the lack of a clear widely accepted classification of activities that fall into the area of public diplomacy. Some researchers choose to avoid typology altogether, others provide academic community with a variety of overlapping and contradicting approaches and terms, such as “dimensions”, “types”, “media”, “frameworks”, etc.
After carefully studying related publications of international and Russian researchers, analyzing them and defining most common trends, the author proposes her own way to classify public diplomacy activities via two synergetic typologies. The first one offers a division by fronts based on the principal of the final goal of each front of public diplomacy: e.g. relationship-building activities and agenda-setting to influence the news. The second one implies a division by forms based on the principal of the general shape of the main types of public diplomacy activities: e.g. cultural diplomacy, international broadcasting. The author highlights that this approach does not involve multiplication of public diplomacy types based on the instrument (e.g. gastro-diplomacy, twitter-diplomacy, sport diplomacy), since each form may incorporate several instruments and the particular toolkit may change in time. The article suggests using both typologies for comprehensive research of public diplomacy (either in a case-study or for a theoretical model). However, a front-based classification can be more useful for studies related to strategic planning, long-term and short-term political goals of government, whereas a form-based classification can be more useful for researchers who focus on measuring a country’s public diplomacy effectiveness or seek to attribute a new instrument of public diplomacy</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>публичная дипломатия</kwd>
    <kwd>“мягкая сила”</kwd>
    <kwd>культурная дипломатия</kwd>
    <kwd>цифровая дипломатия</kwd>
    <kwd>иновещание</kwd>
    <kwd>теория международных отношений</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>public diplomacy</kwd>
    <kwd>cultural diplomacy</kwd>
    <kwd>soft power</kwd>
    <kwd>international broadcasting</kwd>
    <kwd>digital diplomacy</kwd>
    <kwd>international relations theory</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <custom-meta-group>
    <custom-meta>
     <meta-name>UDK</meta-name>
     <meta-value>327.7</meta-value>
    </custom-meta>
   </custom-meta-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <title>References</title>
   <ref id="cit1">
    <label>1</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Т.А. Современная политическая мысль ( XX – XXI вв.): Политическая теория и международные отношения . Москва, Аспект-Пресс, 2018. 623 с. [Alekseeva T.A. Contemporary Political Thought (XX–XXI): Political Theory and International Relations . Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 2018, 623 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit2">
    <label>2</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баталов Э.Я. Американская политическая мысль ХХ век . Москва, Прогресс-Традиция, 2014. 625 c. [Batalov E.Yа. American Political thought in XX Century. Moscow, Progress-Traditsiya, 2014. 625 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit3">
    <label>3</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saxon W. Edmund Asbury Gullion, 85, Wide-Ranging Career Envoy. The New York Times , 31.03.1998. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/world/edmund-asbury-gullion-85-wide-ranging-career-envoy.html (accessed 25.06.2021).</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit4">
    <label>4</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snow N., Taylor P., eds. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy . New York , Routledge, 2009. 384 p. DOI: 10.4324/9780203891520</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit5">
    <label>5</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cull N.J. The Decline and Fall of the United States Information Agency . New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 257 p. DOI: 10.1057/9781137105363</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit6">
    <label>6</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher G.H. Public Diplomacy and the Behavioral Sciences . Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1972. 180 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit7">
    <label>7</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson G., Binnendijk J. A., Barton S.W. Public Diplomacy and Political Change: Four Case Studies: Okinawa, Peru, Czechoslovakia, Guinea. New York, Praeger, 1973. 339 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit8">
    <label>8</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzpatrick K. The Future of U.S. Public Diplomacy: An Uncertain Fate . Brill, 2009. 307 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit9">
    <label>9</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедева М.М., отв. ред. Публичная дипломатия: Теория и практика . Москва, Аспект-Пресс, 2017. 272 с. [Lebedeva M.M., ed. Public Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 2017, 272 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit10">
    <label>10</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snow N., Cull N.J., eds. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy . New York, Routledge, 2020. 504 p. DOI: 10.4324/9780429465543</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit11">
    <label>11</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leonard M., Stead C., Smewing C. Public Diplomacy . The Foreign Policy Centre, 2002. 192 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit12">
    <label>12</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelley J.R. Between ‘Take-offs’ and ‘Crash Landings’: Situational Aspects of Public Diplomacy. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy . Snow N., Taylor P., eds. New York, Routledge, 2009, pp. 72-85.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit13">
    <label>13</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nye J. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 2008, vol. 616, pp. 94-109.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit14">
    <label>14</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cull N.J. Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 2008, vol. 616, no 1, pp. 31-54.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit15">
    <label>15</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaharna R. Mapping out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives: Information and Relational Communication Frameworks. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy . Snow N., Taylor P., eds. New York, Routledge, 2009, pp. 86-100.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit16">
    <label>16</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панова Е.П. Сила привлекательности: использование “мягкой власти” в мировой политике. Вестник МГИМО - Университета , 2010, № 4 (13), сс. 91-97. [Panova E.P. The Power of Attraction: Use of “Soft Power” in Global Politics. MGIMO Review of International Relations , 2010, no. 4 (13), pp. 91-97. (In Russ.) ]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit17">
    <label>17</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панова Е.П. Высшее образование как потенциал “мягкой власти” государства. Вестник МГИМО - Университета , 2011, № 2 (16), сс. 157-161. [Panova E.P. Higher Education as a “Soft Power” Resource of a State. MGIMO Review of International Relations , 2011, no. 2 (16), pp.157-161. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit18">
    <label>18</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филимонов Г.Ю. Актуальные вопросы формирования российского потенциала “мягкой силы”. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов . Серия : Политология , 2012, № 1, 67-82 сс. [Filimonov G.Y. The Actual Problems of Forming of Russia’s Potential of “Soft Power”. RUDN Journal of Political Science , 2012, no. 1, pp. 67-82. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit19">
    <label>19</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tuch H.N. Communicating with the World. U.S. Public Diplomacy Overseas . New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. 224 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-60512-5</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit20">
    <label>20</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зонова Т.В. Публичная дипломатия в европейском интеграционном процессе. Публичная дипломатия зарубежных стран: Учебное пособие . Под ред. Панова А.Н., Лебедевой О.В. Москва, Аспект-Пресс, 2018, сс. 126-148. [Zonova T.V. Public Diplomacy in the Process of European Integration. Public Diplomacy of Foreign Countries: Handbook . Panov A.N., Lebedeva O.V., eds. Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 2018, pp. 126-148 (In Russ.) ]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit21">
    <label>21</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feigenbaum H. B. Globalization and Cultural Diplomacy . Center for Arts and Culture, 2001. 54 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit22">
    <label>22</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gienow-Hecht J.C.E., Donfried M.C., eds. Searching for a Cultural Diplomacy . New York, Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2010. 278 p.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit23">
    <label>23</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филимонов Г.Ю. “Мягкая сила” культурной дипломатии США . Москва, РУДН, 2010. 212 с. [Filimonov G.Y. “Soft Power” of U.S. Moscow, RUDN, 2010. 212 p. ( In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit24">
    <label>24</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харитонова Е.М., Прохоренко И.Л. “Мягкая сила” бывших империй: сравнительный опыт Великобритании и Испании. Мировая экономика и международные отношения , 2018, т. 62, № 3, cc. 39-49. [. Kharitonova E.M., Prokhorenko I.L. The “Soft Power” of Former Empires: the Comparative Experience of Great Britain and Spain. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya , 2018, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 39-49. (In Russ.)] DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-3-39-49</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit25">
    <label>25</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цветкова Н.А. Публичная дипломатия США. Публичная дипломатия зарубежных стран: Учебное пособие . Под ред. Панова А.Н., Лебедевой О.В. Москва, Аспект-Пресс, 2018, сс. 103-125. [Tsvetkova N.A. U.S. Public Diplomacy. Public Diplomacy of Foreign Countries: Handbook. Panov A.N., Lebedeva O.V., eds. Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 2018, pp. 103-125 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit26">
    <label>26</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J. The Foods of the Worlds: Mapping and Comparing Contemporary Gastrodiplomacy Campaigns. International Journal of Communication , 2015, vol. 9, pp. 568-591.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit27">
    <label>27</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумов А.О. Спортивная дипломатия как инструмент “мягкой силы”. Мировая политика , 2017, № 4, сс. 32-43. [Naumov A.O. Sport Diplomacy as a “Soft Power” Instrument. Mirovaya politika , 2017, no. 4, pp. 32-43. (In Russ.) ] DOI: 10.25136/2409-8671.2017.4.24852</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit28">
    <label>28</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цветкова Н.А. Программы Web 2.0 в публичной дипломатии США. США и Канада: экономика, политика, идеология , 2011, № 3, сс. 109-122. [Tsvetkova N.A. U.S. Web 2.0 Public Diplomacy. USA &amp; Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture , 2011, no. 3, pp. 109-122. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit29">
    <label>29</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cowan G., Arsenault A. Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 2008, vol. 616, no. 1, pp. 10-30.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit30">
    <label>30</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зонова Т.В. Публичная дипломатия и ее акторы . Российский совет по международным делам . 07.08.2012. [Zonova T.V. Public Diplomacy and its Actors . Russian International Affairs Council. 07.08.2012. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/publichnaya-diplomatiya-i-ee-aktory/ (accessed 25.06.2021).</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit31">
    <label>31</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цветкова Н.А., Кузнецов Н.М. Феномен дипломатии больших данных в мировой политике. Вестник РГГУ. Серия: политология, история, международные отношения, зарубежное регионоведение, востоковедение , 2020, № 4. сс. 27-44. [Tsvetkova N.A., Kuznetsov N.M. Phenomenon of Big Data Diplomacy in World Politics. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin , 2020, no. 4, pp. 27-44. (In Russ.)] DOI: 10.28995/2073-6339-2020-4-27-44</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="cit32">
    <label>32</label>
    <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dye T. Data Diplomacy. Scientific Drivers for Diplomacy. Summary of Science Diplomacy 2015. Washington, Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2015, pp. 19-20. Available at: https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/Summary%20of%20Science%20Diplomacy%202015-Scientific%20Drivers%20for%20Diplomacy.pdf (accessed 25.06.2021).</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
  <fn-group>
   <fn fn-type="conflict">
    <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
   </fn>
  </fn-group>
 </back>
</article>
