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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">afjournal</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Анализ и прогноз. Журнал ИМЭМО РАН</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Analysis &amp; Forecasting. Journal of IMEMO</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn pub-type="epub">2713-170X</issn>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">ИМЭМО РАН</publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20542/afij-2025-3-25-35</article-id>
   <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">NEQGDY</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Статьи</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="ru">Выбросы парниковых газов в течение жизненного цикла: электромобили и автомобили с двигателем внутреннего сгорания</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff xml:lang="ru">
     <institution>СИНИЦЫН Михаил Владимирович, научный сотрудник Центра энергетических исследований.
Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН, РФ, 117997 Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23 ( sinitsyn @ imemo . ru ), ORCID: 0000-0001-5630-0799</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff-1-en-1" xml:lang="en">
     <institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow 117997, Russian Federation</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-1" corresp="yes">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5630-0799</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Синицын</surname>
       <given-names>Михаил Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sinitsyn</surname>
       <given-names>Mikhail</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>Специалист в области регулирования и реформирования рынков электроэнергетики в Европе и США, прогнозировании мировых энергетических балансов нефти, нефтепродуктов и электроэнергии.
Медаль Российской академии наук с премией для молодых ученых по итогам конкурса 2014 года за монографию «США: проблемы интеграции рынков природного газа и электроэнергии» .
Преподаватель НИУ «Высшая школа экономики», Факультет мировой экономики и мировой политики.
Профиль автора в Science Index
Профиль автора в Scopus

Google Scholar
ResearcherID: E-6749-2016</p>
     </bio>
     <email>sinitsyn@imemo.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"></xref>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1-en-1"></xref>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <pub-date pub-type="epub">
    <day>02</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>25</fpage>
   <lpage>35</lpage>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© СИНИЦЫН М.В., 2025
Поступила в редакцию 11.02.2025.
После доработки 17.04.2025.
Принята к публикации 12.05.2025.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© Mikhail V. SINITSYN, 2025
Received 11.02.2025.
Revised 17.04.2025.
Accepted 12.05.2025.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Синицын М.В.</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sinitsyn M.</copyright-holder>
    <license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
     <license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p>
    </license>
    <license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
     <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p>
    </license>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.afjournal.ru/2025/3/themed-issue/life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-battery-electric-and-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles">https://www.afjournal.ru/2025/3/themed-issue/life-cycle-greenhouse-gas-emissions-battery-electric-and-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles</self-uri>
   <abstract>
    <p>В статье проведена оценка выбросов парниковых газов в течение жизненного цикла автомобилей с двигателем внутреннего сгорания и электромобилей (только с электродвигателем) с учетом выбросов при производстве, эксплуатации, обслуживании, замене батареи и утилизации. Автор на основе данных по углеродоемкости генерации электроэнергии в странах – лидерах мирового энергоперехода – США, Европейском союзе и Китае – оценивает выбросы парниковых газов при эксплуатации электромобилей с учетом потерь электроэнергии в сетях и при зарядке. Показано, что низкоэмиссионная европейская электроэнергетика позволяет электромобилям достичь объема выбросов парниковых газов в течение жизненного цикла меньшего, чем у традиционных автомобилей с двигателем внутреннего сгорания даже с учетом замены батареи и утилизации автомобиля, но при этом по техническим характеристикам электромобили уступают автомобилям с двигателем внутреннего сгорания. В США благодаря вытеснению угольной генерации газовой углеродоемкость электроэнергии снизилась в достаточной мере, чтобы использование электромобилей привело к снижению выбросов без учета замены и утилизации батареи, но с учетом последних объем выбросов уже сравним. Более того, при одинаковых технических характеристиках выбросы у электромобилей будут значимо больше. В Китае из-за доминирования углеродоемкой угольной генерации выбросы при использовании электромобилей всегда больше по сравнению с автомобилями с двигателем внутреннего сгорания. С учетом планов китайского правительства достичь пика угольной генерации около 2025 г. выбросы в электроэнергетике Китая в ближайшее десятилетие останутся на высоком уровне. Китайский рынок электромобилей остается самым большим в мире, поэтому в целом продвижение электромобилей приводит к глобальному росту выбросов парниковых газов. По мере деуглеродизации китайской электроэнергетики и перехода на новые типы аккумуляторов, с меньшими выбросами при производстве и утилизации, эксплуатация электромобилей приведет к снижению выбросов парниковых газов. Китай пока только создает промышленность и инфраструктуру, необходимые для энергоперехода. В то же время в Европе в целом продажи электромобилей стагнируют из-за сокращения государственной поддержки электромобилей в Норвегии и прекращения субсидирования их покупок в Германии.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article assesses life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles including emissions from production, operation, maintenance, battery replacement and disposal. The author uses data on the carbon intensity of electricity generation in the European Union, USA and China – leaders in global energy transition – to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from the operation of electric vehicles taking into account electricity losses in the grid and during charging. It is shown that low-emission European electricity generation allows electric vehicles to achieve a level of greenhouse gas emissions over their life cycle that is lower than that of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles even with battery replacement and vehicle disposal, but at the same time, in terms of technical characteristics, electric vehicles are inferior to their counterparts. In the USA, due to the displacement of coal generation by gas, the carbon intensity of electricity has decreased, therefore, the use of electric vehicles leads to a decrease in emissions with an exclusion of battery replacement and disposal, but considering the latter, the volume of emissions is already comparable. Moreover, with the same technical characteristics, the emissions of electric vehicles will be significantly higher. In China, the dominance of carbon-intensive coal-fired power generation means that EV emissions are always higher than those of combustion engine vehicles. With the Chinese government planning to peak coal power generation around 2025, emissions from China’s electric power sector will certainly remain high for the next decade. The Chinese EV market remains the largest in the world, so the overall promotion of EVs is leading to an overall increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. As China’s electric power sector decarbonizes and shifts to new types of batteries that come with fewer emissions during their production and disposal, EVs’ greenhouse gas emissions will reduce. China is still only building the industry and infrastructure needed for the energy transition. At the same time, EV sales in Europe as a whole are stagnating due to the reduction of government support in Norway and the end of subsidies in Germany.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
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    <kwd>выбросы парниковых газов</kwd>
    <kwd>Китай</kwd>
    <kwd>США</kwd>
    <kwd>Европейский союз</kwd>
    <kwd>электромобили</kwd>
    <kwd>батарея</kwd>
    <kwd>утилизация</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>greenhouse gas emissions</kwd>
    <kwd>China</kwd>
    <kwd>USA</kwd>
    <kwd>European Union</kwd>
    <kwd>battery electric vehicles</kwd>
    <kwd>battery</kwd>
    <kwd>disposal</kwd>
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   <fn fn-type="conflict">
    <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
   </fn>
  </fn-group>
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