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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">afjournal</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Анализ и прогноз. Журнал ИМЭМО РАН</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Analysis &amp; Forecasting. Journal of IMEMO</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn pub-type="epub">2713-170X</issn>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">ИМЭМО РАН</publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20542/afij-2025-2-39-53</article-id>
   <article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XBJHRZ</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
     <subject>Research Article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Статьи</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="ru">Двойное контрсдерживание: анализ перспектив создания формализованного ядерного альянса между Китаем и Россией</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
     <trans-title>Dual Counter-Deterrence: Evaluating the Implications of a Formalized Nuclear Alliance Between China and Russia</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff xml:lang="ru">
     <institution>ИВАНОВ Георги Георгиев (Болгария), магистрант, базовая кафедра ИМЭМО РАН, Московский государственный институт международных отношений (МГИМО) МИД РФ, РФ, 119454 Москва, пр. Вернадского, 76 ( georgigeorgievanov@gmail.com ), ORCID: 0009-0008-3678-2864 .</institution>
    </aff>
    <aff id="aff-1-en-1" xml:lang="en">
     <institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), 76, Prospekt Vernadskogo, Moscow 119454, Russian Federation</institution>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" id="author-1" corresp="yes">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3678-2864</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Иванов</surname>
       <given-names>Георги Георгиев</given-names>
      </name>
      <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ivanov</surname>
       <given-names>Georgi</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"></xref>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1-en-1"></xref>
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   </contrib-group>
   <pub-date pub-type="epub">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>39</fpage>
   <lpage>53</lpage>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© ИВАНОВ Г.Г., 2025
Поступила в редакцию 13.12.2024.
После доработки 06.03.2025.
Принята к публикации 20.05.2025.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© Georgi G. IVANOV, 2025
Received 13.12.2024.
Revised 06.03.2025.
Accepted 20.05.2025.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Г.Г.</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov G.</copyright-holder>
    <license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
     <license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p>
    </license>
    <license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
     <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p>
    </license>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://www.afjournal.ru/2025/2/forecasting-studies/dual-counter-deterrence-evaluating-the-implications-of-a-formalized-nuclear-alliance-between-china-and-russia">https://www.afjournal.ru/2025/2/forecasting-studies/dual-counter-deterrence-evaluating-the-implications-of-a-formalized-nuclear-alliance-between-china-and-russia</self-uri>
   <abstract>
    <p>Баланс сил между тремя основными ядерными державами меняется в результате тактических и стратегических военных решений, принятых США, Китаем и Россией. Экономическая и политическая экспансия США в Европе и Индо-Тихоокеанском регионе представляет одновременные угрозы как Китаю, так и России. В ответ на эти воспринимаемые угрозы Китай и Россия все больше укрепляют свои двусторонние стратегические отношения. Это исследование стремится изучить потенциальные перспективы создания формального военного союза между Китаем и Россией, уделяя особое внимание ядерной сфере. Оно отвечает на вопросы о том, как ядерное сближение между Москвой и Пекином может изменить баланс сил. То есть, что это будет означать для обоих государств, их соперников и международной системы в целом. Методология, используемая в исследовании, основана на эмпирическом сборе доказательств из предыдущих работ по теме, которые были структурированы с использованием категорий SWOT -анализа. После интерпретации результатов исследования выяснилось, что ни Москве, ни Пекину не необходимо формировать стратегический ядерный альянс друг с другом, но если предпосылки для этого возникнут, то они, скорее всего, будут связаны с возможностью прямой ядерной угрозы со стороны США в результате стратегического просчета. Таким образом, альянс будет формироваться на основе обстоятельств, которые возникнут, когда Россия начнет оказывать стратегическую поддержку Китаю, или наоборот. При этом в обоих случаях – как ответ на ядерную угрозу со стороны Вашингтона и его союзников. В то же время обе страны должны укреплять свое ядерное стратегическое сотрудничество, чтобы продемонстрировать свою способность сдерживать США и сохранять свои позиции на международной арене.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The balance of power among the three main nuclear powers is shifting as a result of tactical and strategic military decisions made by the U.S., China, and Russia. The U.S.'s economic and political expansion in Europe and the Indo-Pacific presents simultaneous threats to both China and Russia. In response to these perceived threats, China and Russia are increasingly strengthening their bilateral strategic relations. This study seeks to examine the potential prospects of establishing a formal military alliance between China and Russia, with a particular focus on the strategic-nuclear domain. It answers the questions about how the nuclear alliance between Moscow and Beijing could change the balance of power, what it would mean for both states, their rivals and the international system as a whole. The methodology used in the research is based on an empirical collection of evidence from previous works on the theme, which were structured using SWOT analysis categories. After interpreting the result of the study, it was found out that neither Moscow, nor Beijing needs to form a strategic-nuclear alliance with one another, but if prerequisites for this occur, they would most likely be linked to the possibility of direct nuclear threat from the U.S. as a result of a strategic miscalculation. Thus, the alliance would be based on those conditions that would arise once Russia starts strategically supporting China or vice versa, in response to nuclear threat from Washington and its allies. However, both countries must maintain and strengthen their strategic nuclear cooperation in order to effectively demonstrate their ability to deter the U.S. and maintain their positions in the international arena.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>Россия</kwd>
    <kwd>Китай</kwd>
    <kwd>США</kwd>
    <kwd>альянсы</kwd>
    <kwd>ядерные возможности</kwd>
    <kwd>баланс сил</kwd>
    <kwd>SWOT-анализ</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Russia</kwd>
    <kwd>China</kwd>
    <kwd>the U.S.</kwd>
    <kwd>alliances</kwd>
    <kwd>nuclear capabilities</kwd>
    <kwd>balance of power</kwd>
    <kwd>SWOT analysis</kwd>
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  <fn-group>
   <fn fn-type="conflict">
    <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
   </fn>
  </fn-group>
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</article>
